Ringworm stages - About Ringworm. Medical illustration of Microsporum canis, one of the types of fungi that causes ringworm. Ringworm is a common infection of the skin and nails that is caused by fungus. The infection is called “ringworm” because it can cause an itchy, red, circular rash. Ringworm is also called “tinea” or “dermatophytosis.”.

 
Keep the infected area clean and dry. The fungus that causes ringworm thrives in warm, moist areas, so you want keep the area clean and dry. When cleaning the area with ringworm, wash the affected area (s) and dry it (them) with a clean towel. Use another clean towel to dry the other parts of your body. . Gumtree darwin 4x4 under dollar5000 private sale

Mar 14, 2016 · For example, if your child has one or two small areas of patchy, scaly skin, a doctor may prescribe a cream treatment. Examples of creams used to treat ringworm include: clotrimazole. miconozole ... Aug 13, 2013 · Ringworm Symptoms To properly identify ringworm on your body, it is important to know the appearance of this skin condition on each body part. When it appears on the skin, ringworm makes circular, reddish patches with raised borders as the patches grow larger, and the centers of these patches turn clear, giving them a ring-like appearance, says ... Causes Risk factors Complications Prevention Overview Ringworm of the body (tinea corporis) is a rash caused by a fungal infection. It's usually an itchy, circular rash with clearer skin in the middle. Ringworm gets its name because of its appearance. No worm is involved. Ringworm on an armMay 18, 2023 / Skin Care & Beauty A Rash Decision: How To Cure Ringworm Over-the-counter antifungal creams usually get the job done Being told you have a case of ringworm is enough to make your skin crawl. Thankfully, the condition is not nearly as creepy-crawly as it sounds. There aren’t even any worms involved. (Cue sigh of relief.)Ringworm on the skin like athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) and jock itch (tinea cruris) can usually be treated with non-prescription antifungal creams, lotions, or powders applied to the skin for 2 to 4 weeks. There are many non-prescription products available to treat ringworm, including: Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex) Advanced Stages. The majority of pictures of ringworm are taken in the advanced stage of the skin disease when the infection has fully presented itself. Ringworm on skin is typically a red raised rash. Small bumps or blisters may form on the border and it will itch like crazy. Scalp ringworm usually leads to reddening, scaling, and crusting of ... Ringworm healing takes time and it passes through several stages. The healing process starts with a reduction in itching followed by a decrease in scaling. After this, the redness subsides and eventually, the rash clears. The length of time it takes to heal will depend on the area involved and if it was treated.The fungi that cause ringworm can live on skin and in the environment. There are three main ways that ringworm can spread: 1. From a person who has ringworm. People can get ringworm after contact with someone who has the infection. To avoid spreading the infection, people with ringworm shouldn’t share clothing, towels, combs, or other ...Aug 29, 2023 · Additionally, tinea capitis, which is the ringworm of the scalp, is more commonly found in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central America (because of the heat and humidity). So, you might be more likely to get this infection if you live in such regions. What Are The Stages Of Ringworm Infection? Ringworm can incubate for 1-3 weeks. What are the ringworm stages? Recognizing ringworm symptoms can result in red, itchy, or scaly patches on the skin, as well as raised skin areas known as plaques. Blisters or pustules form on patches. On the outside edges, patches that may be redder or resemble a ring appear to be redder. Patches with defined and raised edges. How long does ringworm take to heal? Stage 1: Less itching. The first symptoms of ringworm that will diminish during treatment are the itching and redness. Blisters and the ring-shaped ... Stage 2: Flaky skin appearing. Stage 3: Skin sores oozing. Stage 4: Redness fading. Ringworm is the common name given to a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails. Ringworm infections can occur in humans and in all domesticated species of animals. The name comes from the classical appearance of the round, red, raised 'ring' marking the boundary of inflammatory lesions in people infected with the disease. Common signs of ringworm in dogs include: Roughly circular areas of hair loss (but not always circular) Red, inflamed, or scabby skin. Rough, brittle, broken claws (if nails are infected) Affected skin isn’t usually itchy. If left untreated, ringworm lesions become larger and irregular in shape, and the fungus spreads to other areas of the ...The symptoms of ringworm include: a ring-like red or silvery rash on your skin – your skin will look red and irritated around the ring, but healthy inside. scaly, itchy and inflamed skin. the rings may multiply, grow in size and merge together. the rings may feel slightly raised and the skin underneath may be itchy.Oftentimes, vets treat ringworm with a combination of antifungal therapies. Your dog may need medicated ointments or shampoos as well as an oral medication like terbinafine, fluconazole, or griseofulvin. The surest way to beat ringworm is to follow your vet's treatment plan, even if your dog's skin and fur look better.Keep the infected area clean and dry. The fungus that causes ringworm thrives in warm, moist areas, so you want keep the area clean and dry. When cleaning the area with ringworm, wash the affected area (s) and dry it (them) with a clean towel. Use another clean towel to dry the other parts of your body. Mar 10, 2023 · Ringworm (Tinea corporis) Photo Credit: Bernard Cohen. Description: Ringworm is a common skin infection that is caused by a fungus. It’s called “ringworm” because it can cause a ring-shaped rash that is usually red and itchy with raised edges. Ringworm is a contagious fungus that can be spread from cat to cat with direct contact. Direct contact can include touching an infected cat, touching an infected person, or contact with any contaminated objects. Ringworm spores can persist on food bowls, blankets, furniture, toys, combs, carpet, and virtually any porous surface.For example, if your child has one or two small areas of patchy, scaly skin, a doctor may prescribe a cream treatment. Examples of creams used to treat ringworm include: clotrimazole. miconozole ...Jul 25, 2023 · Skin. itchiness. itchy or scaly patches that are red, brown, or gray, or raised areas of skin called plaques. a round, flat patch of itchy skin. patches that develop blisters or pustules. patches that resemble a ring with deeper color on the outside. patches with edges that are defined and raised. ... Stages Of Ringworm - Introduction. Before we look at the stages of Ringworm I think it is important to understand what Ringworm is and isn't. It has nothing whatsover to do with any type of worm and is in fact a contagious fungus infection. It can appear on the body, usually around the groin area but also on the scalp and the nails.The fungi that cause ringworm can live on skin and in the environment. There are three main ways that ringworm can spread: 1. From a person who has ringworm. People can get ringworm after contact with someone who has the infection. To avoid spreading the infection, people with ringworm shouldn’t share clothing, towels, combs, or other ...Nov 21, 2015 · If ringworm appears elsewhere on your child’s body, he may have the type spread by infected dogs or cats. The first signs of infection on the body are red, scaly patches. They may not look like rings until they’ve grown to half an inch in diameter, and they generally stop growing at about 1 inch. Your child may have just one patch or several. Pityriasis rosea (pih-tuh-RY-uh-sis ROH-zee-uh) is a common skin condition that causes patches of your skin to develop raised, scaly rashes. It may appear on any part of your body, but it usually appears on the trunk (torso), arms and legs. “Pityriasis” means “scaly,” and “rosea” means “pink,” but the rashes may look red, gray ...I was very interested to see various comments about ringworm. My ringworm started 10 months ago and was prescribed various creams until 2 weeks ago. Then I was prescribed oral terminating. Thankfully I have not experienced any of the side effects others on this site have experienced. To date, there has been no improvement in the inflamed area.Stage 1: Less itching The first symptoms of ringworm that will diminish during treatment are the itching and redness. Blisters and the ring-shaped rash will still be present, but may look less red and irritated.Aug 13, 2013 · Ringworm Symptoms To properly identify ringworm on your body, it is important to know the appearance of this skin condition on each body part. When it appears on the skin, ringworm makes circular, reddish patches with raised borders as the patches grow larger, and the centers of these patches turn clear, giving them a ring-like appearance, says ... Nov 21, 2011 · Question about ringworm healing stages. My husband and I adopted Wompy off the streets a 9 days ago, on Sunday, and took him to the vet right away. Vet said other than some stomach worms and fleas he looked fine. So we gave him meds for that and he seemed fine until tuesday when i noticed a scaly patch of skin under his fur. Ringworm, dog. Infected dogs develop bald, scaly patches with broken hairs. Dogs may also develop acne-like bumps on the skin. The most common sites affected by ringworm are the face, ear tips, tail, and feet. Ringworm is diagnosed by fungal culture, examination with an ultraviolet lamp, and direct microscopic examination of hair or skin scale.Aug 24, 2020 · Oftentimes, vets treat ringworm with a combination of antifungal therapies. Your dog may need medicated ointments or shampoos as well as an oral medication like terbinafine, fluconazole, or griseofulvin. The surest way to beat ringworm is to follow your vet's treatment plan, even if your dog's skin and fur look better. Over time, the bump turns into a ring- or circle-shaped patch. It may turn into several rings. The inside of the patch is usually clear or scaly. The outside might be slightly raised and bumpy ...Ringworm Symptoms To properly identify ringworm on your body, it is important to know the appearance of this skin condition on each body part. When it appears on the skin, ringworm makes circular, reddish patches with raised borders as the patches grow larger, and the centers of these patches turn clear, giving them a ring-like appearance, says ...Symptoms of Ringworm in Cats. The following symptoms are most commonly seen with ringworm in cats. Cats may have circular thickened patches of skin with hair loss. Hair loss occurs when the fungi infect the hair shaft, resulting in weakening of the infected hairs. These hairs are easy to remove with gentle pressure.Jan 14, 2021 · Feet (tinea pedis or “athlete’s foot”): The symptoms of ringworm on the feet include red, swollen, peeling, itchy skin between the toes (especially between the pinky toe and the one next to it). The sole and heel of the foot may also be affected. In severe cases, the skin on the feet can blister. Scalp (tinea capitis): Ringworm on the ... 155. May 31, 2020. #1. Hi all, I got a guinea pig from what I thought was a reputable source, but she turned out to have quite a severe case of ringworm. I've taken her to the vet (prescribed oral antifungal meds) and have nearly finished the treatment course. I've also given her 2 baths. The ringworm is looking much better, fur is starting to ...Ringworm, also known as tinea and dermatophytosis, is a fungal infection that affects the skin. Patients with this condition will notice a red, circular rash on the skin. Typically, the rash begins as a flat, scaly area that is red and itchy, and as the rash progresses, it becomes slightly elevated above the skin's surface, and the edges take ... Aug 25, 2023 · Athlete's foot is caused by the same type of fungi (dermatophytes) that cause ringworm and jock itch. Damp socks and shoes and warm, humid conditions favor the organisms' growth. Athlete's foot is contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or from contact with contaminated surfaces, such as towels, floors and shoes. Ringworm of the foot (“ a thlete ‘ s foot”) appears as a scaling or c racking of t h e skin, espe c ially betwe e n the toes. Ringworm of the na i ls causes the affected nails to beco m e t hick, discolored, and brittle. In do m estic ani m als, ringworm can cause a varie t y of s ym pto ms, but m ost cases s h ow sc a ling and patches of Ringworm is characterized by a red ring of small blisters or a red ring of scaly skin that grows outward as the infection spreads. Though children are especially susceptible to catching ringworm, it can affect adults as well. Image: Courtesy of Dr. Lucille K. Georg/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Text: "Understanding Ringworm ... Keep the infected area clean and dry. The fungus that causes ringworm thrives in warm, moist areas, so you want keep the area clean and dry. When cleaning the area with ringworm, wash the affected area (s) and dry it (them) with a clean towel. Use another clean towel to dry the other parts of your body.Foul odor Rash on one or both hands because touching the infected foot can spread the infection to your hands Ringworm infection between the toes Signs of a ringworm infection on the feet can be indicated by itching, burning, and stinging on your soles and between your toes. Ringworm infection on the sole of foot2. Increase your guinea pig's vitamin C intake. Vitamin C can help strengthen your guinea pig's immune system and help it fight off ringworm. The best way to give your guinea pig vitamin C is to add a supplement to its water or to feed it vegetables high in vitamin C, like kale, mustard greens, and spinach. [6]Over time, the bump turns into a ring- or circle-shaped patch. It may turn into several rings. The inside of the patch is usually clear or scaly. The outside might be slightly raised and bumpy ...Sep 1, 2020 · Ringworm on the scalp is also known as tinea capitis. It is more common in children than adults and especially common in kids aged 3–7 . Tinea capitis is contagious , and it can cause scaly ... May 24, 2021 · Contact your veterinarian if your dog experiences any or all of these symptoms: Circular areas of hair loss. Dry, brittle hair. Scabby, inflamed skin. Rough, brittle claws. Hair loss, changes in ... What Are the Stages of Ringworm in Dogs? There are four stages of a ringworm infection: Stage 1: Infection occurs through contact with an infected dog or contaminated object. During the incubation ...Ringworm Stages. The infection doesn’t present itself right away. It can take up to two weeks before an individual starts to notice any symptoms. Typically, the fungal infection can be identified in two stages; the initial and second stages. In the initial stage, a person might notice a patch of irritated pink or red skin. Jul 25, 2023 · Skin. itchiness. itchy or scaly patches that are red, brown, or gray, or raised areas of skin called plaques. a round, flat patch of itchy skin. patches that develop blisters or pustules. patches that resemble a ring with deeper color on the outside. patches with edges that are defined and raised. ... Stages Of Ringworm - Introduction. Before we look at the stages of Ringworm I think it is important to understand what Ringworm is and isn't. It has nothing whatsover to do with any type of worm and is in fact a contagious fungus infection. It can appear on the body, usually around the groin area but also on the scalp and the nails. The fungal infection can develop on the body, but especially under fingernails and on feet. Ringworm skin lesions normally begin as distinctive, reddish round areas of hair loss, which may progress to reddening, thickening and loss of pigmentation to other skin areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that rash can be dry and ... Over time, the bump turns into a ring- or circle-shaped patch. It may turn into several rings. The inside of the patch is usually clear or scaly. The outside might be slightly raised and bumpy ...Jan 14, 2016 · Ringworm Rash Stages Ringworm occurs in three main stages: beginning, advanced and recovery stage. In the beginning stage a rash may appear in a circular ring pattern and may or may not be itchy. Ringworm Symptoms To properly identify ringworm on your body, it is important to know the appearance of this skin condition on each body part. When it appears on the skin, ringworm makes circular, reddish patches with raised borders as the patches grow larger, and the centers of these patches turn clear, giving them a ring-like appearance, says ...Ringworm Stages. The infection doesn’t present itself right away. It can take up to two weeks before an individual starts to notice any symptoms. Typically, the fungal infection can be identified in two stages; the initial and second stages. In the initial stage, a person might notice a patch of irritated pink or red skin.The symptoms of ringworm include: a ring-like red or silvery rash on your skin – your skin will look red and irritated around the ring, but healthy inside. scaly, itchy and inflamed skin. the rings may multiply, grow in size and merge together. the rings may feel slightly raised and the skin underneath may be itchy.Ringworm on the skin like athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) and jock itch (tinea cruris) can usually be treated with non-prescription antifungal creams, lotions, or powders applied to the skin for 2 to 4 weeks. There are many non-prescription products available to treat ringworm, including: Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex)Ringworm is a fungal infection that causes ring-shaped lesions on the outer layers of the skin. These lesions are typically red and itchy, and they can appear on the scalp, outer extremities, or ...Contact your veterinarian if your dog experiences any or all of these symptoms: Circular areas of hair loss. Dry, brittle hair. Scabby, inflamed skin. Rough, brittle claws. Hair loss, changes in ...Ringworm on the skin like athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) and jock itch (tinea cruris) can usually be treated with non-prescription antifungal creams, lotions, or powders applied to the skin for 2 to 4 weeks. There are many non-prescription products available to treat ringworm, including: Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex)Scabies is caused by a mite, whereas ringworm is a fungal infection. (5,6) Other rashes, such as poison ivy, are due to an allergic reaction. (4) And some sores and rashes result from a viral ...Aug 17, 2022 · The ancient Greeks called ringworm "herpes," meaning "ring," while the ancient Romans called it "tinea," referring to the larval stage of a clothes moth. Characterized by round skin lesions (rings) and early belief that the infection was caused by a parasitic worm, the English word "ringworm" was born sometime in the early 15th century. The ringworm healing stages pictures clearly reflects that it becomes extremely red and itchy while it is healing. During this healing stage you should apply antifungal cream, Aloe Vera tincture or apple cider vinegar to counter the itchiness.Keep the infected area clean and dry. The fungus that causes ringworm thrives in warm, moist areas, so you want keep the area clean and dry. When cleaning the area with ringworm, wash the affected area (s) and dry it (them) with a clean towel. Use another clean towel to dry the other parts of your body.Keep the infected area clean and dry. The fungus that causes ringworm thrives in warm, moist areas, so you want keep the area clean and dry. When cleaning the area with ringworm, wash the affected area (s) and dry it (them) with a clean towel. Use another clean towel to dry the other parts of your body. Ringworm emerges in stages from the initial contact: Day one : This is the period of exposure when you make first contact with an infected person, animal, or object. Day two to ten : This is referred to as the incubation period, the period before symptoms emerge and when the fungus spores colonize the skin.Ringworm is the common name given to a fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails. Ringworm infections can occur in humans and in all domesticated species of animals. The name comes from the classical appearance of the round, red, raised 'ring' marking the boundary of inflammatory lesions in people infected with the disease.Stages Of Ringworm - Introduction. Before we look at the stages of Ringworm I think it is important to understand what Ringworm is and isn't. It has nothing whatsover to do with any type of worm and is in fact a contagious fungus infection. It can appear on the body, usually around the groin area but also on the scalp and the nails.Stage 1: Less itching The first symptoms of ringworm that will diminish during treatment are the itching and redness. Blisters and the ring-shaped rash will still be present, but may look less red and irritated.It can lead to itching and red rash in the groin region. It can extend to the thighs, pubic area, and lower part of the abdomen. The rash presents with red raised edges and central clearing. Small bumps may be present at the edges. It is usually associated with itching. 7. Ringworm of the beard – Tinea barbae.Athlete's foot is caused by the same type of fungi (dermatophytes) that cause ringworm and jock itch. Damp socks and shoes and warm, humid conditions favor the organisms' growth. Athlete's foot is contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or from contact with contaminated surfaces, such as towels, floors and shoes.Ringworm (Tinea corporis) Photo Credit: Bernard Cohen. Description: Ringworm is a common skin infection that is caused by a fungus. It’s called “ringworm” because it can cause a ring-shaped rash that is usually red and itchy with raised edges.Overview Ringworm is a circular-shaped skin rash caused by a fungal infection. What is ringworm? You might be surprised to learn that a fungus — and not a worm — causes ringworm. Fungi thrive in warm and humid areas such as locker rooms and public showers.Keep the infected area clean and dry. The fungus that causes ringworm thrives in warm, moist areas, so you want keep the area clean and dry. When cleaning the area with ringworm, wash the affected area (s) and dry it (them) with a clean towel. Use another clean towel to dry the other parts of your body.May 18, 2023 / Skin Care & Beauty A Rash Decision: How To Cure Ringworm Over-the-counter antifungal creams usually get the job done Being told you have a case of ringworm is enough to make your skin crawl. Thankfully, the condition is not nearly as creepy-crawly as it sounds. There aren’t even any worms involved. (Cue sigh of relief.)What are the healing stages of ringworm? - Quora. Something went wrong. Wait a moment and try again. Nov 21, 2015 · If ringworm appears elsewhere on your child’s body, he may have the type spread by infected dogs or cats. The first signs of infection on the body are red, scaly patches. They may not look like rings until they’ve grown to half an inch in diameter, and they generally stop growing at about 1 inch. Your child may have just one patch or several. Human ringworm "male with multiple ringworm infections. Any of a number of contagious skin diseases caused by several related fungi, characterized by ring-shaped, scaly, itching patches on the skin and generally classified by its location on the body.Pityriasis rosea is a common rash that usually begins as a round or oval-shaped patch and spreads in stages in a characteristic pattern. It may or may not be itchy and usually lasts six to eight weeks before resolving on its own. The four stages of pityriasis rosea are: Preliminary stage: You feel ill for a day or two.

Ringworm on the skin like athlete’s foot (tinea pedis) and jock itch (tinea cruris) can usually be treated with non-prescription antifungal creams, lotions, or powders applied to the skin for 2 to 4 weeks. There are many non-prescription products available to treat ringworm, including: Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex). Trucks for sale under dollar1000 near me

ringworm stages

Ringworm is characterized by a red ring of small blisters or a red ring of scaly skin that grows outward as the infection spreads. Though children are especially susceptible to catching ringworm, it can affect adults as well. Image: Courtesy of Dr. Lucille K. Georg/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Text: "Understanding Ringworm ...Ringworm is a fungal infection that can affect the skin, hair, or nails. The medical term for this type of infection is called dermatophytosis. The most common fungal organisms that can cause ringworm are . The fungus feeds on dead hair or skin cells. While ringworm is most commonly found in cats, it can also be contracted by dogs and humans.Ringworm Rash Stages Ringworm occurs in three main stages: beginning, advanced and recovery stage. In the beginning stage a rash may appear in a circular ring pattern and may or may not be itchy.155. May 31, 2020. #1. Hi all, I got a guinea pig from what I thought was a reputable source, but she turned out to have quite a severe case of ringworm. I've taken her to the vet (prescribed oral antifungal meds) and have nearly finished the treatment course. I've also given her 2 baths. The ringworm is looking much better, fur is starting to ...Ringworm emerges in stages from the initial contact: Day one : This is the period of exposure when you make first contact with an infected person, animal, or object. Day two to ten : This is referred to as the incubation period, the period before symptoms emerge and when the fungus spores colonize the skin.Jan 5, 2023 · Ringworm is a skin infection that causes jock itch and athlete’s foot. Ringworm is usually easy to notice because of its shape. A patch that may itch or be scaly will often turn into a raised ... Mar 1, 2023 · This skin infection is a ring-like rash that appears anywhere on the body or face. It happens in people of all ages, but it is more common in children. It is also more common in warmer climates. The symptoms may include: Red, ring-like rash with raised edges. The middle of the rash may become less red as the lesion grows. Ringworm is a type of skin infection. It looks like a red skin rash that forms a ring around normal-looking skin. Ringworm infection is not caused by an actual worm but by fungi on the skin, hair, and nailbeds. The symptoms of ringworm vary, depending on which part of the body is affected. Most cause itching.Ringworm healing takes time and it passes through several stages. The healing process starts with a reduction in itching followed by a decrease in scaling. After this, the redness subsides and eventually, the rash clears. The length of time it takes to heal will depend on the area involved and if it was treated.Fabrics. Wash any fabrics at least at 60 C / 140 F in order to kill off any spores. This includes any of your own clothing in contact with a ringworm piggy, as well as any fleece bedding, fabric underlay, cosies, lap rugs and the towels needed for treatment and dips etc. Toys and wooden furnishings.Human ringworm "male with multiple ringworm infections. Any of a number of contagious skin diseases caused by several related fungi, characterized by ring-shaped, scaly, itching patches on the skin and generally classified by its location on the body.Ringworm is a fungal infection that affects the fur, skin, and nails of a guinea pig. The fungus, known as dermatophytosis , invades the top layer of a guinea pig’s skin. Although ringworm is uncommon in guinea pigs, infections tend to occur in young, much older, pregnant, or otherwise immunocompromised animals.Erythema - Redness on the chest, head, forelegs, or the back ridge; Shedding and patchy hair loss at different levels (often associated with “crusty” skin) found on the tail, head, chest, or the back’s ridge; Scaling, reddening, crusting, and thickening patches of the skin and coat if the entire body is infected; A ring of flakey bald ... May 18, 2023 / Skin Care & Beauty A Rash Decision: How To Cure Ringworm Over-the-counter antifungal creams usually get the job done Being told you have a case of ringworm is enough to make your skin crawl. Thankfully, the condition is not nearly as creepy-crawly as it sounds. There aren’t even any worms involved. (Cue sigh of relief.)2. Increase your guinea pig's vitamin C intake. Vitamin C can help strengthen your guinea pig's immune system and help it fight off ringworm. The best way to give your guinea pig vitamin C is to add a supplement to its water or to feed it vegetables high in vitamin C, like kale, mustard greens, and spinach. [6]Apr 18, 2022 · Common signs of ringworm in dogs include: Roughly circular areas of hair loss (but not always circular) Red, inflamed, or scabby skin. Rough, brittle, broken claws (if nails are infected) Affected skin isn’t usually itchy. If left untreated, ringworm lesions become larger and irregular in shape, and the fungus spreads to other areas of the ... .

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